11 Prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Ghana

Speaker: Betty Ntiamoah

Facilitator: Bupe Mwamba

Abstract: Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is highly prevalent in Ghana, with limited knowledge of risk factors specific to the local setting. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with IDA among pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 394 pregnant women (aged 15 to 49 years) receiving antenatal care at Ejura Municipal Hospital. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and analysis was performed with STATA version 17. Haemoglobin levels or a full blood count determined the IDA status. Participants ranged in age from 15 to 46 years (Mean age=29), reflecting a broad age distribution. IDA prevalence was 81.0%, which is considered high globally. Unemployed women were 3.55 times more likely to have IDA compared to women farmers (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.41–8.91). Women not taking malaria prophylaxis were also 2.19 times more likely to have IDA compared to those who took prophylaxis (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19–4.04), and women with abnormal vaginal discharge were 3.19 times more likely to have IDA compared to those without abnormal discharge (AOR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.47–6.89), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and residence. To conclude, iron deficiency remains a major cause of maternal anaemia, with local risk factors still poorly understood. Targeted interventions addressing socioeconomic barriers and ensuring high uptake of prophylaxis could substantially reduce maternal morbidity and improve birth outcomes. Midwives can apply these findings through targeted education and support helping reduce maternal anaemia and improving outcomes for mothers and babies.

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