VALIDIZATION OF THE REVISED VERSION OF W-DEQ-A QUESTIONNAIRE IN A SELECTED SAMPLE OF SLOVAK WOMEN
1Lubica Rybarova, 1Stefania Andrascikova, 2Zuzana Platko
1University of Prešov, 2Faculty Teaching Hospital Prešov
Slovakia
List of references
ADAMS, S. S., M. EBERHARD-GRAN, A. ESKILD, 2012. Fear of Childbirth and
Duration of Labour: A Study of 2206 Women with Intended Vaginal Delivery. In:
An International Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology [online]. Vol.119, n. 10,
- 1238-1246 [cit. 2019-03-18]. ISSN 1471-0528. Available on:
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03433.x
AKSOY, A. N. et al., 2016. Maternal and Fetal Doppler Velocimetry in Women
Diagnosed With Fear of Childbirth. In: Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practise [online].
vol. 19, n. 5, p. 632-635 [cit. 2019-03-18]. ISSN 1119-3077. Available on: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njcp/article/view/142747/132479
ARESKOG, B., N. UDDENBERG, B. KJESSLER, 1981. Fear of Childbirth in Late
Pregnancy. In: Gynecologic Obstetric Investigation [online]. Vol. 12, n. 5, p. 262-266
[cit. 2019-03-12]. ISSN 1423-002X. Available on: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/299611
AYERS, S. et al., 2014. The Role of Adult Attachment Style, Birth Intervention and
Support in Posttraumatic Stress After Childbirth: A Prospective Study. In: Journal of
Affective Disorders. Vol. 155, n. 1, p. 295-298. ISSN 0165-0327.
Bevallingsangst, 2018. Home [online]. [cit. 2019-04-05]. Available on:
http://www.bevallingsangst.nl/?pagina=36
CORCORAN, K., J. FISCHER, 2013. Measures for Clinical Practise and Research:
Couples, Families, and Children. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN
978-0-19-977858-4.
DEMŠAR, K. et al., 2018. Tokophobia (Fear of Childbirth): Prevalence and Risk Factors.
In: Journal of Perinatal Medicine [online]. vol. 46, n. 2, p. 151-154 [cit. 2019-04-11].
ISSN 1619-3997. Available on: https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf
/j/jpme.2018.46.issue-2/jpm-2016-0282/jpm-2016-0282.pdf
DENCKER, A. et al., 2018. Causes and Outcomes in Studies of Fear of Childbirth:
A Systematic Review. In: Women and Birth [online]. vol. 32, n. 2, p. 99-111 [cit. 2019-
04-05]. ISSN 1871-5192. Available on: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1871519217307060/1-
s2.0-S1871519217307060-main.pdf?_tid=6328d511-3034-4012-a85e-
e994ae962da3&acdnat=1537974019_b275becdfc615e5bd0c79f665420ef0a
D’SOUZA, R., 2013. Caesarean Section on Maternal Request for Non-medical Reasons:
Putting the UK National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence Guidelines in
Perspective. In: Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology.
vol. 27, n. 2, p. 165-177. ISSN 1521-6934.
D’SOUZA, R., C. ARULKUMARAN, 2013. To ʽCʼ or Not ʽCʼ Ceasarean Delivery Upon
Maternal Request: A Review of Facts, Figures and Guidelines. In: Journal of Perinatal
Medicine [online]. vol. 41, n. 1, p. 5-15 [cit. 2019-06-12]. ISSN 1619-3997. Available on: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jpme.2013.41.issue-1/jpm-2012-0049/jpm-2012-
0049.xml
ELVANDER, C., S. CNATTINGIUS, K. H. KJERULFF, 2013. Birth Experience in
Women with Low, Intermediate or High Levels of Fear: Findings from the First Baby
Study. In: Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care. vol. 40, n. 4, p. 289-296. ISSN 1523-536X.
ERKAYA, R., Ö. KARABULUTLU, K. Y. ҪALӏK, 2017. Defining Childbirth Fear and
Anxiety Levels in Pregnant Women. In: Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences
[online]. vol. 237, n. 2,ps. 1045-1052 [cit. 2019-06-10]. ISSN 1877-0428. Available on:
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042817301519/1-s2.0-S1877042817301519-main.pdf?_tid
=6f2be372-1080-4125-8c69-9e96f9843403&acdnat=1537974855_9d1d3d0115305d0ed
ebdccba003c15d9
ERIKSSON, C., G. WESTMAN, K. HAMBERG, 2005. Experiential Factors Associated
With Childbirth-related Fear in Swedish Women and Men: A Population Based Study.
In: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. vol. 26, n. 1, p. 63-
- ISSN 0167-482X.
FENWICK, J. et al., 2010. Why Do Women Request Caesarean Section in a Normal
Healthy First Pregnancy? In: Midwifery [online]. vol. 26, n. 4, p. 394-400 [cit.
2019-06-08]. ISSN 0266-6138. Available on:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613808001046
FENWICK, J. et al., 2015. Sources, Responses and Moderators of Childbirth Fear in
Australian Women: A Qualitative Investigation. In: Midwifery. vol. 31, n. 1,
- 239-246. ISSN 0266-6138.
FIGO, 2018. C-Sections: How to Stop the Epidemic [online]. [cit. 2019-06-05]. Available on: : https://www.figo.org/news/figo-position-paper-c-sections-how-stop-epidemic
FORD, E., S. AYERS, 2009. Stressful Events and Support During Birth: The Effect on
Anxiety, Mood and Perceived Control. In: Journal of Anxiety Disorders.
vol. 23, n. 2, p. 260-268. ISSN 0887-6185.
FORD, E., S. AYERS, R. BRADLEY, 2010. Exploration of a Cognitive Model to Predict
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Childbirth. In: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. vol. 24, č. 3, p. 353-359. ISSN 0887-6185.
FORD, E., S. AYERS, 2011. Support During Birth Interacts With Prior Trauma and Birth
Intervention to Predict Postnatal Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms. In: Psychology and
Health [online]. vol. 26, n. 12, p. 1553-1570 [cit. 2019-06-08]. ISSN 1476-8321.
Available on: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08870446.2010.533770
GAO, L. et al., 2015. Predictors of Childbirth Fear Among Pregnant Chinese Women:
A Cross-sectional Questionnaire Survey. In: Midwifery [online]. vol. 31, n. 9, p. 865-
870 [cit. 2019-04-20]. ISSN 0266-6138. Available on: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S02666138
15001515/1-s2.0-S0266613815001515-main.pdf?_tid=12294e67-986a-4586-9464-
d8b2753c74ff&acdnat=1537975082_55b5b2657e0300d697eeab558a219038
GARTHUS-NIEGEL, S. et al., 2011. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience
Questionnaire – A Factor Analytic Study. In: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and
Gynecology [online]. vol. 32, n. 3, p. 160-163 [cit. 2019-05-11]. ISSN 1743-8942.
Available on: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51064215_The_Wijma_ Delivery
_ExpectancyExperience_Questionnaire-A_factor_analytic_study
HAINES, H. et al., 2011. Cross-cultural Comparison of Levels of Childbirth-related Fear
in an Australian and Swedish Sample. In: Midwifery [online]. vol. 27, n. 4, p. 560-567
[cit. 2019-01-14]. ISSN 0266-6138. Available on: https://ac.els-cdn.com/ S026661381
0000707/1-s2.0-S0266613810000707-main.pdf?_tid=705ce8e1-f0da-458b-bfb9-
82e38901163c&acdnat=1547484766_bde5680e40f6209ddb6dd7e3a7f6d315
HAINES, H. et al., 2015. Identifying Women who are Afraid of Giving Birth: A
Comparison of the Fear of Birth Scale with the WDEQ-A in a Large Australian Cohort.
In: Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. vol. 6, n. 4, p. 204-210. ISSN 1877-5756.
HALL, W. A. et al., 2009. Childbirth Fear, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Sleep Deprivation in
Pregnant Women. In: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing .
vol. 38, n. 5, p. 567-576. ISSN 1552-6909.
HALL, W. A. et al., 2012. A Prospective Study of Effects of Psychological Factors and
Sleep on Obstetric Interventions, Mode of Birth, and Neonatal Outcomes Among Low-
risk British Columbian Women. In: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [online]. vol. 12,
- 78, p. 1-10 [cit. 2019-05-03]. ISSN 1471-2393. Available on:
https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2393-12-78
HANDELZALTS, J. et al., 2015. Personality, Fear of Childbirth and Birth Outcomes in
Nulliparous Women. In: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. vol. 291, n. 5,
- 1055-1062. ISSN 1432-0711.
HENDRICK, S. S., 1988. A generic Measure of Relationship Satisfaction. In: Journal of
Marriage and the Family. vol. 50, n. 1, p. 93-98. ISSN 0022-2445.
HILDINGSSON, I. et al., 2017. Presence and Process of Fear of Birth During Pregnancy –
Findings from a Longitudinal Cohort Study. In: Women and Birth [online]. vol. 30,
- 5, p. 242-247 [cit. 2019-06-10]. ISSN 1871-5192. Available on: https://ac.els-cdn.com
/S1871519217300252/1-s2.0-S1871519217300252-main.pdf?_tid=2b4a2ac8-1830-
47cc-9154-da84a2504ab2&acdnat=1537974376_35a91b317adcb6d0ba78695fe55a4cb3
HOFBERG, K., I. BROCKINGTON, 2000. Tokophobia: An Unreasoning Dread of
Childbirth. A Series of 26 Cases. In: The British Journal of Psychiatry [online].
vol. 176, n. 1, p. 83-85 [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 1472-1465. Available on:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge- core/content/view/492B8EB1
9D16A2BD455E6BE7539564C9/S0007125000263824a.pdf/tokophobia_an_unreasonin
g_dread_of_childbirth.pdf
HOSSEINI, V. M., M. NAZARZADEH, S. JAHANFAR, 2018. Interventions for
Reducing Fear of Childbirth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials.
In: Women and Birth. vol. 31, Supplement, p. 254-262. ISSN 1871-5192.
KARLSTRÖM, A. et al., 2010. Behind the Myth – Few Women Prefer Caesarean Section
in the Absence of Medical or Obstetricial Factors. In: Midwifery. vol. 27, n. 5,
- 620-627. ISSN 0266-6138.
KӏZӏLӏRMAK, A., M. BAŞER, 2016. The Effect of Education Given to Primigravida
Women on Fear of Childbirth. In: Applied Nursing Research [online]. vol. 29, n. 2,
- 19-24[cit. 2019-05-11]. ISSN 0897-1897. Available on: https://ac.els-cdn.com/
S0897189715000865/1-s2.0-S0897189715000865-main.pdf?_tid=98b8442b-f5ed-43dc-
a517-1acd4ecb9bea&acdnat=1537974751_40ef13ece0e17e5044bad511dba64c1d
KLABBERS, G. A. et al., 2014. Treatment of Severe Fear of Childbirth with
Haptotherapy: Design of Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. In: BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine. vol. 14, n. 385, p. 1-10. ISSN 1472-6882
KLABBERS, G. A. et al., 2016. Severe Fear of Childbirth: Its Features, Assesment,
Prevalence, Determinants, Consequences and Possible Treatments. In: Psychological
Topics [online]. vol. 25, n. 1, p. 107-127 [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 1849-0395. Available on: http://pt.ffri.hr/index.php/pt/article/view/321/164
KLABBERS, G. A. et al., 2019. Haptotherapy as a New Intervention for Treating Fear of
Childbirth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. In: Journal od Psychosomatic Obstetrics
and Gynecology [online]. vol. 40, n. 1, p. 38-47 [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 1743-8942.
Available on: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0167482X.2017.1398230?
needAccess=true
KÖRÜKҪÜ, H. Ö., K. KUKULU, M. Z. FIRAT, 2012. The Reliability and Validity of the
Turkish Version of the Wijma Delivery Expectation/Experience Questionnaire (W-
DEQ) With Pregnant Women. In: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. vol. 19, n. 3, p. 193-202. ISSN 1365-2850.
LARSSON, B. et al., 2016. Counseling for Childbirth Fear – A National Survey. In: Sexual
and Reproductive Healthcare [online]. vol. 8, n. 6, p. 82-87 [cit. 2019-04-13]. ISSN
1877-5756. Available on: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877575616000264
LAURSEN, M., M. HEDEGAARD, C. JOHANSEN, 2008. Fear of Childbirth: Predictors
and Temporal Changes Among Nulliparous Women in the Danish National Birth
Cohort. In: An International Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology [online]. vol. 115,
- 3, p. 354-360 [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 1471-0528. Available on: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01583.x
LILLIECREUTZ, C., A. JOSEFSSON, 2008. Prevalence of Blood and Injection Phobia
Among Pregnant Women. In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica [online].
vol. 87, n 12, p. 1276-1279 [cit. 2019-04-05]. ISSN 1600-0412. Available on:
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/00016340802468324
LUKASSE, M., B. SCHEI, E. L. RYDING, 2014. Prevalence and Associated Factors of
Fear of Childbirth in Six European Countries. In: Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare
[online]. vol. 5, n. 3, p. 99-106 [cit. 2019-01-08]. ISSN 1877-5756. Available on:
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877575614000342/1-s2.0-S1877575614000342-main.pdf?_tid
=bf344214-2d91-4cc6-9199-d21a84b1c278&acdnat=1537974626_bac9d54444f0d5b3f
67d221a1b36e798
MARYAM, G. et al., 2016. The Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on Fear of
Childbirth, Fear of Pain, Self-efficacy of Childbirth and Tendency to Caesarean in
Nulliparous Women. In: Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility
[online]. vol. 19, n. 31, p. 1-12 [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 1680-2993. Available on:
https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=522757
McGRATH P., G. RAY-BARRUEL, 2009. The Easy Option? Australian Findings on
Mothers Perception of Elective Caesarean as a Birth Choice After a Prior Caesarean
Section. In: International Journal of Nursing Practise [online]. vol. 15, n. 4, p. 271-279
[cit. 2019-01-07]. ISSN 1440-172X. Dostupné z:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01762.x
MELENDER, H., 2002. Experiences of Fears Associated with Pregnancy and Childbirth:
A Study of 329 Pregnant Women. In: Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care [online]. Vol. 29,
- 2, p. 101-111 [cit. 2018-11-30].ISSN 1523-536X. Available on:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00170.x
MOLGORA, S. et al., 2018. Fear of Childbirth in Primiparous Italian Pregnant Women:
The Role of Anxiety, Depression, and Couple Adjustment. In: Women and Birth
[online]. vol. 31, n. 2, p. 117-123 [cit. 2019-04-20]. ISSN 1871-5192. Available on:
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1871519216301585/1-s2.0-S1871519216301585-main.pdf?_tid
=17d0682a-9c9a-4c7b-a3cc-85e73729f31d&acdnat=1537974320_e67108f364b8673ba
849bc43efe2c166
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011. Caesarean Section [online]. [cit.
2019-01-07]. Available on: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132/evidence/full-
guideline-pdf-184810861
NIEMINEN, K., O. STEPHANSSON, E. L. RYDING, 2009. Women´s Fear of Childbirth
and Preference for Cesarean Section – A Cross-sectional Study at Various Stages of
Pregnancy in Sweden. In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica [online].
vol. 88, n. 7, p. 807-813 [cit. 2019-05-03]. ISSN 1600-0412. Available on:
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/00016340902998436
NILSSON, C., I. LUNDGREN, 2009. Women´s Lived Experience of Fear of Childbirth.
In: Midwifery [online]. vol. 25, n. 2, p. 1-9 [cit. 2019-06-09]. ISSN 0266-6138.
Available on: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613807000368
NILSSON, C. et al., 2010. Previous Birth Experience in Women With Intense Fear of
Childbirth. In: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing [online]. vol
39, n. 3, p. 289-309 [cit. 2019-06-09]. ISSN 1552-6909. Available on:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0884217515302884
NILSSON, C. et al., 2012. Self Reported Fear of Childbirth and its Association With
Women´s Birth Experience and Mode of Delivery: A Longitudinal Population-based
Study. In: Women and Birth. vol. 25, n. 3, p. 114-121 [cit. 2019-05-03]. ISSN
1871-5192.
NILSSON, C. et al., 2018. Definitions, Measurements and Prevalence of Fear of
Childbirth: A Systematic Review. In: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [online]. vol. 18,
- 28, p. 1-15 [cit. 2019-01-08]. ISSN 1471-2393. Available on:
https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12884-018-
1659-7
O´CONNELL, M. A., et al., 2017. Worldwide Prevalence of Tocophobia in Pregnant
Women: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica
Scandinavica [online]. vol. 96, n. 8, p. 907-920 [cit. 2019-01-08]. ISSN 1600-0412.
Available on: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aogs.13138
RÄISÄNEN, S. et al., 2014. Fear of Childbirth in Nulliparous and Multiparous Women:
A Population-based Analysis of All Sigleton Births in Finland in 1997-2010. In: An
International Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology [online]. vol. 121, n. 8, p. 965-970
[cit. 2019-03-18]. ISSN 1471-0528. Available on:
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.12599
RONDUNG, E., J. THOMTÉN, Ö. SUNDIN, 2016. Psychological Perspectives on Fear of
Childbirth. In: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. vol. 44, n. 12, p. 80-91. ISSN 0887-6185.
ROUHE, H. et al., 2009. Fear of Childbirth According to Parity, Gestational Age and
Obstetric History. In: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology [online].
vol. 116, n. 1, p. 67-73 [cit. 2019-06-10]. ISSN 1471-0528. Available on:
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02002.x
ROUHE, H. et al., 2012. Obstetric Outcome After Intervention for Severe Fear of
Childbirth in Nulliparous Women – Randomised Trial. In: An International Journal
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology [online]. vol. 120, n. 1, p. 75-84 [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN
1471-0528. Available on: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1471-
ROUHE, H. et al. 2015. Group Psychoeducation with Relaxation for Severe Fear of
Childbirth Improves Maternal Adjustment and Childbirth Experience – A Randomised
Controlled Trial. In: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology [online].
vol. 36, n. 1, p. 1-9. [cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 1743-8942. Available on:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2014.980722
ROWLANDS, I. J., M. REDSHAW, 2012. Mode of Birth and Women´s Psychological and
Physical Wellbeing in the Postnatal Period. In: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
[online]. vol. 12, n. 138, p. 1-11 [cit. 2018-12-31]. ISSN 1471-2393. Available on:
https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2393-12-
138
RYDING, E. L. et al., 2015. Fear of Childbirth and Risk of Cesarean Delivery: A Cohort
Study in Six European Countries. In: Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care. vol. 42,
- 1, p. 48-55. ISSN 1523-536X.
SAISTO, T., E. HALMESMÄKI, 2003. Fear of Childbirth: A Neglected Dilemma. In:
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica [online]. vol. 82, n. 3, p. 201-208
[cit. 2019-04-04]. ISSN 0001-6349. Available on:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/j.1600-0412.2003.00114.x
SLADE, S., G. D. M. THER, M. M. THER, 2017. JBI Evidence Summary. Tokophobia
(Fear of Childbirth): Interventions Offered to Pregnant Women.
SOMERA, M. J., N. FEELEY, L. CIOFANI, 2010. Women´s Experience of an Emergency
Caesarean Birth. In: Journal of Clinical Nursing [online]. vol. 19, n. 19-20, p. 2824-
2831 [cit. 2018-12-24]. ISSN 0962-1067. Available on:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03230.x#access
DenialLayout
SÖDERQUIST, J., K. WIJMA, B. WIJMA, 2004. Traumatic Stress in Late Pregnancy. In:
Journal of Anxiety Disorders. vol. 18, n. 2, p. 127-142. ISSN 0887-6185.
STOLL, K., W. A. HALL, 2013. Attitudes and Preferences of Young Women With Low
and High Fear of Childbirth. In: Qualitative Health Research [online]. vol. 23, n. 11,
- 1495-1505 [cit. 2019-01-14]. ISSN 1552-7557. Available on:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1049732313507501
STØRKSEN, H. T. et al., 2013. The Impact od Previous Birth Experiences on Maternal
Fear of Childbirth. In: Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica [online]. vol. 92,
- 3, p. 318-324 [cit. 2019-06-06]. ISSN 0001-6349. Available on:
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aogs.12072
STRIEBICH, S., E. MATTERN, G. M. AYERLE, 2018. Support for Pregnant Women
Identifiend with Fear of Childbirth (FOC)/Tokophobia – A Systematic Review of
Approaches and Interventions. In: Midwifery [online]. vol. 6, n. 61, p. 97-115 [cit.
2019-01-02]. ISSN 0266-6138. Available on: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0266613818300524
/1-s2.0-S0266613818300524-main.pdf?_tid=bed98b4f-e7d2-4886-967a-
205278f5bd96&acdnat=1537974273_9821f01dc33a75a82567c09466e0567a
SYDSJÖ, G. et al., 2013. Secondary Fear of Childbirth Prolongs the Time to Subsequent Delivery. In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica [online]. vol. 92, n. 2, 210-214 [cit. 2019-05-03]. ISSN 0001-6349. Available on: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aogs.12034
TERNSTRÖM, E. et al., 2015. Higher Prevalence of Childbirth Related Fear in Foreign Born Pregnant Women – Findings from a Community Sample in Sweden. In: Midwifery [online]. vol. 31, n. 4, p. 445-450 [cit. 2019-06-06]. ISSN 0266-6138. Available on: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613814002939
TOOHILL, J. et al., 2014. A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Psycho-education Intervention by Midwives in Reducing Childbirth Fear in Pregnant Women. In: Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care [online]. vol. 41, n. 4, p. 384-394 [cit. 2019-06-09]. ISSN 1523-536X. Available on: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/birt.12136
TRILLINGSGAARD, T. et al., 2011. Adult Attachment at the Transition to Motherhood: Predicting Worry, Health Care Utility and Relationship Functioning. In: Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology [online]. vol. 29, n. 4, p. 354–363 [cit. 2019-0608]. ISSN 1469-672X. Available on: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02646838.2011.611937
WALDENSTRÖM, U., I. HILDINGSSON, E. L. RYDING, 2006. Antenatal Fear of Childbirth and Its Association With Subsequent Caesarean Section and Experience of Childbirth. In: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology [online]. vol. 113, n. 6, p. 638-646 [cit. 2019-04-05]. ISSN 1471-0528. Available on: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00950.x
WEAVER, J. et al., 2013. A Comprehesive Systematic Review of the Impact of Planned Interventions Offered to Pregnant Women Who Have Requested a Caesarean Section as a Result of Tokophobia (Fear of Childbirth). In: JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. vol. 11, p. 1, p. 70-122 [cit. 2019-01-07]. ISSN 2202-4433.
WIEGARTZ, P. S., K. L. GYOERKOE, 2009. The Pregnancy and Postpartum Anxiety Workbook: Practical Skills to Help You Overcome Anxiety, Worry, Panic Attacks,Obsessions, and Compulsions. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1572245891.
WIJMA, K., B. WIJMA, M. ZAR, 1998. Psychometric Aspects of the W-DEQ: A New Questionnaire for the Measurement of Fear of Childbirth. In: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. vol. 19, n. 2, p. 84-97. ISSN 0167-482X.
WIJMA, K., B. WIJMA, 2017. A Woman Afraid to Deliver: How to Manage Childbirth Anxiety [online]. [cit. 2019-01-07]. In: Paarlberg K., van de Wiel H. (eds) Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40404-2_1
WIKLUND, I. et al., 2012. Indications For Cesarean Section on Maternal Request – Guidelines for Counseling and Treatment. In: Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. vol. 3, n. 3, p. 99–106. ISSN 1877-5756
